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Diagram showing how dual coding works.

Words and Pictures Together, Not Decoration

I’ve sat through enough CPD sessions to know that when someone starts talking about “multimodal cognitive load theory,” they’re usually about to...

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How elaboration strengthens memory by asking why.

Asking Why It Is True

I spent twenty minutes yesterday watching a CPD presenter explain “elaboration” using a slick, multi-coloured slide deck and terms like cognitive scaffolding...

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How self explanation aids understanding through speech.

Explaining It to Yourself Out Loud

I remember standing at the front of a Year 9 classroom on a Tuesday afternoon, watching twenty-eight teenagers nod in unison while...

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Infographic showing how spacing improves retention.

Same Hours, Spread Out, Better Results

I was sitting in a middle leadership meeting three years ago, staring at a shiny new “Learning Science” toolkit that promised to...

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Diagram explaining how the testing effect works.

Testing Yourself Beats Rereading Every Time

I remember sitting in a windowless professional development suite five years ago, nodding politely while a consultant in a slim-fit suit explained...

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Diagram explaining how forgetting works.

Forgetting Is Retrieval Failure, Not Erasure

I remember sitting in a windowless training room back in 2012, staring at a PowerPoint slide that promised a “revolutionary breakthrough” in...

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Understanding how schemas develop in experts.

Experts Have Better Organised Knowledge, Not More

I remember sitting in a windowless training room ten years ago, nodding politely while a consultant in a slim-fit suit used a...

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How working memory limits learning with items.

Four Items and Then It Spills

I remember standing at the front of a Year 9 class on a rainy Tuesday afternoon, midway through what I thought was...

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Understanding how memory works in learning.

Learning Is a Change in Long Term Memory

I was sitting in a middle leadership seminar last Tuesday—one of those “professional development” sessions that could have been a well-constructed email—listening...

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